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Optimism in male students: effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy

655-660Full Text

Zahra amirsoleymani*, Ramazan Hasanzadeh and Sedighe Ebrahimi

Abstract
Cognitive therapy supports the idea that thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions influence the intensity and range of emotions that one feels and by changing our core beliefs and the resulting automatic thoughts, we can change overall perceptions, feelings, and actions. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy on optimism in male students. The present study was done by quasi experimental method and design of pretest and posttest with CBT and control group. Individuals were selected from among students of Islamic Azad University, Neka Branch. These subjects were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The subjects participated in 90-minute treatment sessions held once a week for 6 weeks. Attribution style questionnaire were used in this study. Data was analyzed using t Test and covariance analysis (MANCOVA). The results indicated the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in optimism score of experimental group in comparison with control group in posttest. Cognitive behavioral therapy cause to increase component of positive psychology and promote psychological capital and psychological wellbeing.

Evaluation of relative resistance in some selected genotypes Mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb L.) dwarf to Phytophthora species

661-665Full Text

Samin Fallahi nezhad and mohammad armin*

Abstract
The disease Phytophthora crown and root rot consist of the most important problems in cherry cultivation. In this study, the relative resistance of 5 selected genotypes Mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb L) dwarf including 24, 100, 155, 136 and 268 to Phytophthora citrophthora (smith et smith Leonian) and Phytophthora citricola (Sawada) were evaluated by using excised twig assay, excised shoot method and soil inoculation method with perlite infested with Phytophthora mycelium. The Mahaleb genotypes showed different susceptibility to Phytophthora citrophthora. 155 genotypes was the least susceptible and 268 and 24 genotypes were the most susceptible, which suggests that the latter genotypes are unsuitable for orchards in which the conditions are favorable for Phytophthora diseases. 100 and 136 were moderately susceptible. The plants that were inoculated with Ph. citricola in the glasshouse and in vitro showed that 155 were the most resistant, 24 and 268 were the most susceptible, 136 and 100 were moderately resistant. The present results demonstrate 155 genotypes was resistant to Ph.citrophthora and Ph. citricola and P. citricola less virulent than P. citrophthora.

Flora, life form and chorotypes of coastal sand dune of southwest of Caspian Sea, Gilan province, N. Iran

666-677Full Text

M. Ravanbakhsh*, F. BazdideVahdati, A. Moradi and T. Amini

Abstract
Iran is one of the most important centers of plant diversity into account old world comes closer to 22 percent of its 8000 plant species are exclusively. The present study involves the flora of the coastal sand dune in Guilan province, northwest Iran. During 2012-13, we examined the plant specimens collected in this area and determined that there are 232 vascular plant taxa (212 species, 13 subspecies, and 7 varieties) in 148 genera and 58 families. The largest families are Poaceae (30 taxa), Asteraceae (19), and Fabaceae (12) .Genera represented by the greatest number of species are Cypecus and Juncus (7). From the chronological point of view, the largest proportion of the flora belongs to the pluriregional elements. Classification based on life form indicates that the therophytes comprise the largest proportion of the plants in the study area.

Do correlation coefficient and regression models able to describe relationship between laboratory seed vigour tests and field seed emergence of crops

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Mohammadreza Naderidarbaghshahi

Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine “do correlation and regression models able to describe relationship between laboratory seed vigour tests and field seed emergence of crops”. So some Iran important crop included corn, wheat, barley, sorghum, alfalfa, Iranian clover, safflower, rapeseed, dry pea, mungbean, white bean, broad bean, suger beet, sunflower and cotton stored one year and then several vigor test take on them and simultaneous they sowing in farm and germination percentage in labetorary and emergence percentage in farm recorded then means of seed germination and seed emergence were comparsion by analys variance and simultaneous correlation coefficient and simple and multiple regression relations were determine. Base on my finding, correlation coefficient and regression relations can not describe relationship between seed laberatiry results and seed emergence in farm, because correlation coefficient and regression relations only to find isotropy of several variables but in seed studies we want to find quantitative relations these variables, so we will report that we must not recommend use of correlation coefficient and regression relations in study of relationships between seed performance and vigour tests.

On Properties of Generalized Quaternion Algebra

683-689Full Text

Ayoub B. Mamagani* and Mehdi Jafari

Abstract
In this paper, we study the generalized quaternions, and their algebraic properties. De Moivre's and Euler's formulas for these quaternions in different cases are investigated. The solutions of equation is discussed mean while it has been shown that equation has uncountably many solutions for unit generalized quaternions. Finally, the relations between the powers of these quaternions are given.

The Role of Team Identification in Creating Universities' Social Capital

690-697Full Text

Rafat Sadat Mojabi, Vahid Shojaei and Seyyed Jafar Moosavi*

Abstract
Present research aims to study the role played by team identification in development of social capital of college students. In present applied descriptive-survey research, physical education students from higher education institutions of Qazvin Province including public universities, Islamic Azad University, Medical University and non-for-profit universities were considered as statistical population among them 150 students were chosen for study using random sampling. They voluntarily completed questionnaires of team identity (Shojaei, 2010) and social capital (Moqimi, 2010). It should be noted that reliability of these questionnaires was validated using internal consistency (0.90) and Cronbach’s Alpha (0.95). In order to analyze research data, inferential statistical techniques including confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were used. Results of research showed that team identity of students had a positive significant effect on development of trust, common normative network, mutual cooperation, mutual cohesion, mutual respect and understanding, empathy, voluntary participation and synergy and collective identity as components of social capital. Also findings showed that students’ team identification contributed to generation of social capital in universities and this overall effect was stronger than that of all sub-scales of social capital. Overall, research findings showed that individuals may help in improvement of social capital in their workplace\college by direct participation in sport teams i.e. membership in them or indirect participation i.e. becoming team fans.

New look to Mecca and Qoraish from the death of Qosay-ibn-Kallab to emergence of Islam

698-702Full Text

Rahim Mousavi

Abstract
Mecca is a city located in Hejaz region in Saudi Arabia. It has especial religious and business importance long before emergence of Islam. Main citizens of this city, who were called Qoraish, could introduce themselves as superior citizens of Saudi Arabia peninsula exploiting this special situation. They used both religious tool of Mecca (religious position) and material tool (commercial position) and achieved supremacy and priority to Arabs.

The effect of salinity stress on germination and seedling growth of native and breeded varieties of wheat

703-709Full Text

Ahmad Kochak-Zadeh, Seyyed-Hashem Mousavi and Morteza Eshraghi-Nejad*

Abstract
Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses which adversely affect the seed germination. Germination of seeds, one of the most critical phases of plant life. This study was done as factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors are the wheat varieties (native: Sholeh and Arvand; Breeded: Chamran and Dez) and NaCal concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 ds.m-1 salt). Based on orthogonal analysis of Variety effect, there was a significant differences between native (Arvand and Sholeh) and breeded (Chamran and Dez) varieties in germination percent (G), mean germination time (MGT), vigour index (VI), stem length (SL), stem dry matter (STDM) and seedling dry matter (SEDM) at all salinity levels. Native varieties have a higher germination percent (96.33%, 98.33%) than the breeded varieties (92.55%, 91.44%). Regression analysis of salinity effects on traits showed that, there was a negative linear relation between NaCl concentrations with traits. Germination percentage was significantly reduced with salinity. Decreasing in stem length in breeded varieties has more than the others (R2=0.45 and 0.93). Generally, Salinity had a negative effect on studied traits, and this adverse effect was more severe than in breeded varities than the native ones.

An Abattoir Survey of Liver and Lung hydatidosis in Northwest Iran

710-712Full Text

Mehdi Taghavi, Mohammad Mirzaei* and Majid Fartashvand

Abstract
The livers and lungs of 730 cattle slaughtered at abattoir in Urmia between July and October 2012 were examined in routine meat inspection procedures for liver and lung hydatidosis. The infection rate of hydatidosis in cattle was 14.93%. The cysts were found in 8.67% of 366 cattle (<2 year old), in 15.92% of 245 cattle (between 2-4 years old) and in 26.05% of 119 cattle (between 4-6 years old). The infection rate was 16.89% in female cattle and 13.55% in male cattle. Out of the infected cattle, 79.82% had cysts in the lungs, 36.70% in the liver and 16.51% both in liver and lung. The maximum of cysts in the infected lungs and livers was respectively 69 and 33. The minimum of cysts in lungs and livers was 1. Besides, the means of cysts in the infected lungs and livers were respectively 6.10 and 2.43. Considering the prevalence rate, the results obtained from the statistical analysis did not show any significant difference in male and female sexes (p>0.05). However, a significant statistical relation was observed between the age of cattle and the prevalence rate (p<0.05) and the age between 4-6 years old showed the highest level of prevalence rate.

Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Capital Market

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Zahra Mousavi

Abstract
Disclosing corporate social responsibility is a tool which shareholders evaluate social performance of a company with it. It is also a mean for increasing transparency of a company in the society. By studying importance of corporate social responsibility and disclosing it we can increase amount and level of corporate social responsibility. Improving corporate responsibility level increases and promotes company's interaction with society; in this way, companies could have positive effect on society and environment and enhance their reputation and credit. By enhancing corporate social responsibility, in addition to enjoying present profits, companies could stabilize their success and position in future. Other direct benefits of promoting social responsibility include more accessibility to financial sources as a result of reputation, risk management and effective monitoring on organization, loyalty of customers, improving trust and confidence of beneficiaries to company.

New bounds of arboricity of graph

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B. Nikfarjam*, M. Yunusi and M. Yahaghi

Abstract
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The relationship between social health and selfefficacy mediated by personality characteristics of graduate students

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Azadeh Rezaei Baghsorkhi*, Zhaleh Refahi and Soheyla Jahedi

Abstract
The students’ health is a critical issue that caused enormous challenges nowadays (Kadison & Digeronimo 2004; Snyder 2004). The importance of the issue is particularly when the problems of this group are increasing. For example, the results of a 13-year study show that nowadays the students go to college counseling centers more than ever before. In addition their problems are more complicated (Benton et al., 2003). Basically, any attention to this group, especially their social health, will have a significant impact on the future of the country. High social health shows that the individual is responsible and purposeful, which indicates high self-efficacy (Roughanchi, 2005). This study examined the relationship between social health and self-efficacy mediated by personality characteristics of graduate students. A sample group of 250 graduate students studying at Marvdasht Islamic Azad University in the 2011-12 academic years were randomly chosen. Social health, self-efficacy and personality characteristics were measured by Keyes social health questionnaire, (1998), Sherer selfefficacy questionnaire, (1982) and personality questionnaire (NEO-FFI), respectively. Lisrel and SPSS18 statistical software were used for the analysis of the observed data. The obtained results showed that self-efficacy is impressible and also effective on social health. Furthermore, self-efficacy and social health are highly correlated. Finally, personality characteristics have a relationship with social health and play an important role in the emergence of sense of self-efficacy. In general, personality characteristics can have a mediating role in the present model.

Designing Micro-Grid Static Switch in Reverse Power

726-732Full Text

Mojtaba Saeedimoghadam* and Majid Dehghani

Abstract
Static switch is placed between micro-grid and national power grid, and performs connection and disconnection of micro-grid to power grid. One important duty of static switch is to detect recursion of power (power reverse) from micro-grid to power grid. Reverse power refers to both active and reactive powers. In present paper, different cases of power recursion from micro grid to power grid are studied and simulated, and an appropriate accurate detection system is designed and simulated. Simulation results, verify the accuracy and authenticity of this system.

Effect of Lighting and space on depression and stress appearing in residential places

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Ali Akbar Heidari*, Hossein Tavakol and Nazgol Behdadfar

Abstract
Stress and depression are among the common psychological disorders and diseases in modern communities whish increased in recent years in different group of ages due to different reasons such as living in apartment ad dark and narrow houses. Thus it seems that the effect of light and spatial proportion in modern small houses is very important in occurrence and treatment of these disorders. Since the human behaviors are essential to them the present study first examines the Maslow's needs pyramid model and definitions of depression and stress disorders and based some levels of needs in the pyramid, if not met, may cause these disorders, and according to the results on psychology and architecture based on logical reasoning, discussed how these two variables affect on forming these two psychological disorders and presenting its architectural general solutions in designing small houses. The present study ultimately concluded that with flexible designing and lighting and optimal designing of spaces we could prevent and treat these disorders.

The effect of installation of support systems on the yielded elements in circular tunnels

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Arad Heidarzadeh* and Vahid Hosseinitoudeshki

Abstract
Yielding in around of tunnels when occurs that tangential stresses overcome to rocks strength so the yielded elements have important role in analysis of the stability of underground constructions which designed and implemented in rock. This study has been in weathered tuffs and in hydrostatic stress conditions where tunnels have been excavated. In tunnel modeling, several tunnels with different radiuses analyzed using phase2 software and the extent of plastic zone in around of the tunnels determined. In addition the effect of installation of support systems on the yielding in around of the tunnels is evaluated. The support systems which are used in this modeling are bolt and shotcrete. The obtain results show that installation of bolt and shotcrete has different influences on the yielded elements in around of the tunnels.

Roll of Poly Amines (Spermidine and Putrescine) on Protein, Chlorophyll and Phenolic Compounds in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Salinity Stress

746-751Full Text

Parvaneh Rahdari* and Seyed Meysam Hoseini

Abstract
Salinity stress as a major adverse factor can lower leaf water potential, leading to reduced turgor and some other responses, and ultimately lower crop productivity in arid and semiarid zones. In order to, investigate effects of different concentrations of poly amines spermidine and putrescine on germination of wheat under salinity stress, this experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with two factors include salinity and poly amines level, in biology laboratory of Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon Branch in spring of 2013. First factor was salinity level including 50 mmol of NaCl and the second factor was poly amines level including 0/5 mmol of spermidine and putrescine concentration. NaCl was reduced chlorophyll and protein concentration but poly amines improved chlorophyll and protein concentration under salinity stress in root and shoot. Phenolic compounds levels was decreased in root under salinity and poly amines treatment but in root not change. Results of this experiment indicated that poly amines reduction of destructive effects of salinity stress in wheat seedlings.

Economic Evaluation of Road Pavement Maintenance Options Using the Real Cost Software (Case study: Semnan-Firoozkooh Road in Iran)

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GholamAli Shafabakhsh1*and Saber Kie Badroodi

Abstract
Roads are considered as the national capital of every countries and a large part of the development budget is spend for maintenance and improvements of roads. Therefore, it is necessary to use a management and maintenance system as a tool for decision making and optimizing the maintenance costs. In this article, one of the most used software for management and maintenance of roads, called Real Cost is introduced. The Semnan-Firoozkooh road was considered as a case study to further understand the real situation compared with theoretical conditions. First, the required input data were collected. Then, the software determined the most cost-effective alternative for pavement maintenance for both users and employer regarding the net present value (NPV).

Studying the Relationship between Parenting Methods and Students’ Shyness in the High Schools of Eghlid City

757-762Full Text

Fateme Taghva*, Fateme Rezaei, Razeye Irandost and Mohamad Khaledian

Abstract
human is a social creature that needs communicating others so that satisfy many of his/her needs in terms of capabilities and creativities actualization through interpersonal interactions and social communications. This is why that human seeks to achieve the skills for facilitating the communications with others and obtains his/her perfection. Research methodology: this study is a correlational research. In such researches, the authors examine direction and degree of the relationship between research variables. Generally, there are several factors and phenomenon that can influence the shyness. This is why that the present is determined to examine the relationship between the parenting methods (landscape, arbitrary, and powerful) and the students’ shyness in the high schools of Eghlid city. The statistical sample of this study includes 166 ones of the statistical populations that have been selected randomly. The research data has been collected from these 116 ones. In order to collect the research data, the shyness scale that has been developed by Samoei was used and also the questionnaire of parenting methods of Bamrid was used. In order to analyze the research data and test the hypotheses, correlation coefficient has been employed in the SPSS. Results: the results of this study revealed that there is a significant relationship between parenting methods and the students’ shyness (p≤0.05). Also the results showed that the permissive parenting methods has positive relationship with students’ shyness significantly (p≤0.037, r= 0.19). Also a significant negative relationship has been found between authoritative parenting methods and students’ shyness (p≤0.040, r= -0.19). Finally, the results revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between arbitrary parenting and students’ shyness (p≤0.027, r=0.20). Conclusion: it can be said as a result that the authoritative parenting methods lead to less shyness among students.

Effect of Organizational Learning on Firm Value in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE)

763-768Full Text

Kambiz Ansari and Elham Kalantari*

Abstract
In this research, relationship between organizational learning and value of companies accepted in Tehran Stock exchange has been evaluated. This evaluation has been made by studying relationship between some important criteria of organizational learning and using Huber’s model (1991) including knowledge acquisition, information distribution, information interpretation and organizational memory and value of company. To test research hypotheses, information of companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange in 2011 has been used. To analyze data statistically and test research hypotheses, Multivariate regression has been used using panel data. Research results indicate the presence of significant and positive relationship between all considered criteria of organizational learning and value of companies accepted in Tehran Stock exchange.

Readiness for Implementation of E-Learning in Colleges of Education

769-775Full Text

Hamid Mohammad Azimi

Abstract
Understanding the readiness of users is paramount to the success of any e-learning programme. Implementing e-learning by educational institutions has strong benefits, one of which is that e-learning provides consistent content that assists students to overcome problems involved with instructors different teaching styles.E-readiness assessment is a useful tool for determining a country‟s starting point and can be considered as an initial phase of the national strategy building for an area that needs ICT as a precondition for strategy implementation.This study is a descriptive and survey work whichexplores readiness for implementation of e-learning in colleges of education from point view of its Heads/principals. A researcher made questionnaire was developed to measure e-learning readiness.Readinesscategories included; ICT infrastructure, Human Resources, Budget and finance, Psychological and Content with reference to the different types of colleges of education.Before conducting main study, it was done validity and reliability of the tool. Data were gatheredfrom a sample of 35 receivers and 31Heads of colleges of Education affiliated by University of Mysore. After analysisof data it was found that there is no significant difference among Colleges with respect to their types(Govt. Private-aided and Private-unaided) in readiness of e-learning.